Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula h 2 cchcl that is also called vinyl chloride monomer vcm or chloroethene. Vinyl chloride 99% of vcm is used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc. Us5507921a method for quenching a gas stream in the. The global production capacity of vinyl chloride monomer vcm is expected to increase from approximately 49 million metric tons in 2018, to around 52. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is one of the worlds most important and largest commodity chemicals. Vinyl chloride monomer news and market information products from icis. Product stewardship summary vinyl chloride page 3 of 9 edition 1 to minimize potential harm to people, animals and the environment. It is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc, a very stable, nonflammable, lightweight and durable plastic. Advanced modelling of vinyl chloride monomer production. Process in vinyl chloride monomer vcm vinyl chloride monomer, made from ethylene and choline by pyrolysis. Pvc has the advantage of being utilized in conversion and fabrication processes with great flexibility, such that end products cover a wide. Samples are selected randomly by nsf auditors during unannounced inspections of each production facility. Oxidizing chlorinated compounds results in production of acid gas ideal co2, h20, n2, o2. The market for pvc and hence vcm has continued to grow, thus dispelling the forecasts made in the 80s, according to which pvc would be substituted by other plastics.
Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is primarily used for polyvinyl chloride i. The process is a direct ethane to vinyl chloride monomer route. The present report deals with two new processes that in effect constitute process simplifications and capital investment reductions, either in relation to the process for producing vinyl chloride monomer itself or in the hydrocarbons and chlorine raw materials for vinyl chloride production, or both. It is produced commercially by combining a hydrocarbon feedstock, namely ethylene, obtained by cracking natural gas or petroleum, with elemental. Abstracts, xtoxline, and medline, using vinyl chloride monomer, chloro. Due to the hazardous nature of vinyl chloride to human health there are no end products that use vinyl chloride in its monomer form. Economic aspects given include production of vinyl chloride monomer, and a. We created models of the process units so that they both produced 5250 kghr of vinyl chloride, with nearly identical purities by mass of 98% for oxychlorination and 97. However, the production of pvc monomer, vinyl chloride monomer vcm, faces unsustainable development due to mercury problems.
Inthepast40years,polyvinylchlorideplasticpvchasbecomeamajorbuildingmaterial. At low temperatures, or under high pressure, vinyl chloride is a liquid. Pdf continuous vinyl chloride monomer production by acetylene. Vinyl chloride vcm is one of the most important commodity materials, being the main raw material in the production of polyvinyl chloride pvc, and is mainly produced through the thermal cracking of dichloroethane, edc, in a pyrolysis furnace. The process examined is an early stage process similar to that developed by european vinyls corporation, now owned by ineos.
Vinyl chloride 1970 chemical production and investment. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm production and manufacturing process 20100428 commercial production of vcm started in the 1920s based on the catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene but this route suffered from high energy costs and has become obsolete except for china. Vinyl chloride is used in production of polyvinyl chloride pvc and vinyl polymers, which can be hard or flexible materials. Economic aspects given include production of vinyl chloride monomer, and a listing of u. Vinyl chloride vc is volatile organic compound, meaning that it can become a gas in certain conditions. Direct chlorination the direct chlorination reaction was modeled using kinetics from wachi and morikawa. They are considered as dynamic part of petrochemical industry. This kinetic data provided rate constants that are. We offer the following regional vinyl chloride monomer analysis and news coverage to keep you informed of factors and developments affecting prices in the vinyl chloride monomer marketplace price reporting more information about the price reports we publish on vinyl chloride monomer. Vinyl chloride vcm, which is made from ethylene and chlorine, is used as feedstock in the production of the standard plastic material pvc. This breakthrough material was brought about to substitute for metals, glass, wood, natural fibers, papers and fabrics. Polyvinyl chloride pvc, a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Chinas demand for vinyl chloride monomer vcm has grown at a fast pace in the past decade. Vinyl chloride monomer is primarily used for polyvinyl chloride pvc production along with some copolymer resins which is used by building and construction sector.
It is generally odourless below 10 000 mgm3 3900 ppm, but a sweetish odour may be detected by some sensitive individuals between 200 and 500 mgm3. May 01, 2020 vinyl chloride also known as vinyl chloride monomer, vcm and chloroethene is an organochloride compound. Vinyl chloride from ethylene the engineering concepts. According to recent reports it is still a cause for concern. Approximately 10 000 individuals are occupationally exposed to vc during monomer or polymer production. Pvc emulsion resins are small particle powders containing very little free monomer.
Vinyl chloride monomer vcm chemical economics handbook. It is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride pvc, a very stable. Introduction to polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride pvc was first manufactured in germany in 1931 as a robust and lightweight new plastic. Ethylene first reacts with chlorine to produce ethylene dichloride. A method and apparatus for quenching a gas stream in the production of vinyl chloride monomer includes the use of a knock back condenser and a plurality of column fractional distillation trays disposed within the quench column, and a liquid stream of 1,2dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, and hydrogen chloride may be removed from the bottom column fractional distillation tray. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is the key chemical precursor to pvc. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is a colourless gas with a characteristic mild, sweet odour. Ethylene and chlorine combine in a homogeneous catalytic reaction to form edc. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm market size, 2018 industry. Vinyl chloride is produced from ethylene in two step process. When handling vinyl chloride, refer to the safety data sheet and product warning label and follow all instructions and warnings.
The replacement of mercuric chloride in the production of vinyl chloride monomer, a precursor to pvc, would greatly reduce the environmental impact of this large scale industrial process. A toxic and hazardous material, vinyl chloride has been classified as a group a, human carcinogen. In 2001, the global demand for vinyl chloride was 14. However, at room temperature it is a colorless gas with a faint, sweet odor that burns easily. Globalvinyl productionnowtotalsmorethan30milliontonsperyear,themajorityofwhichisdirectedtobuilding applications,electronics,andfurnishings. Vinyl chloride monomer market size vcm industry report, 2025. The hydrogen chloride is reacted with more ethylene in the presence of oxygen a reaction known as oxychlorination. Vinyl chloride also known as vinyl chloride monomer, vcm and chloroethene is an organochloride compound. Polyvinyl chloride resins are produced by four basic processes. Consequently, manmade chcs are beginning to accumulate in the. At room temperature, vcm is a gas with a sweet, ethereal odor, but in industrial processes, it is most often handled as a liquid melting point c.
Vinyl chloride monomer polyvinyl chloride industries. The pvc worldwide production capacity in 2005 was of about 35 million tons per year, with an annual growth of about 3%, placed after polyole. Abstract cleaner production eliminates pollution throughout the entire production process. Over 30 million tons of pvc is used around the globe today, both in. Sep 26, 2019 the atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. This is due mainly to the inherent strength of the ccl bond. Dictionary of plastics in use, industrial research center of japan, inc. Second only to polyethylene among the plastics in production and consumption, pvc is used in an enormous range of domestic and industrial products, from raincoats and shower curtains to window frames and indoor plumbing. Formerly used as aerosol spray propellant until 1974, as a refrigerant, and briefly as an inhalational anaesthetic. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride pvc. An030 analysis in vinyl chloride vcm production process an030. Tunable activity controlled by the synthesis temperature. Vinyl chloride is a chemical intermediate, not a final product. Pvc production along with some copolymer resins, which is used by building and construction.
Advanced modelling of vinyl chloride monomer production via. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. Vinyl chloride monomer free download as powerpoint presentation. Epa, 1984 health advisory drinking water guidance describing noncarcinogenic effects has been developed for vinyl chloride by the office of drinkinc water u. Demand for vinyl chloride monomer is almost entirely dependent upon.
A method for the production of vinyl chloride monomer by catalytic oxychlorination of ethane wherein hcl is supplied in excess of the stiochiometric requirement for chlorine in the reaction. In the next decade, both production and demand will continue to grow. Pvc can be associated with plastisol screen prints, plastic parts, and a variety of coatings on leather, synthetic leather, and textiles. Levels of rvcm must pass the toxicology evaluation. Currently, nearly 95% of the worlds supply is produced using the balanced process. Production goods work station 1993 thermoplastic resin raw material monomers vinyl chloride monomer vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm market size, 2018 industry report. The global vinyl chloride monomer market is expected to grow positively owing to growing construction industry coupled with piping industry over the forecast period. Oxychems affiliate oxyvinyls, lp is the largest vinyl chloride monomer vcm producer in the united states. Chlorinating hydrocarbons is the basic idea behind the production of vinyl chloride monomer vcm.
In the present work, a model of this furnace was developed in gproms r. Vinyl chloride vc is both a known carcinogen and a regulated chemical, and its production capacity has almost doubled over the last 20 years, currently 27 million tonsyear worldwide. Cas number substance 100425 styrene 01 4 vinyl chloride styrene vinyl chloride. Polyvinyl chloride pvc is very stable, storable, and nowhere near as acutely toxic as the vinyl chloride monomer vcm. Vcm vinyl chloride monomer and pvc production plants have continuously improved their performance over the last 30 years, and their environmental impact has been steadily reduced. The most common method for the production of vinyl chloride monomer vcm is. It is a way of reducing pollution damage to both the. Vinyl manufacturing process vinyl council of australia. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm production and manufacturing. Vcm is used almost exclusively in polyvinyl chloride pvc manufacture. What you need to know about vinyl chloride vc what is vinyl chloride.
Over 70% of vcm in mainland china is synthesized through. Vcm is used primarily for the production of polyvinyl chloride pvc homopolymer and copolymer resins. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm is one of the leading chemicals used mainly for manufacturing polyvinyl chloride pvc. Vinyl chloride monomer direct chlorination by andini putri pranintya direct chlorination. Pdf this contribution proposes a novel process for vcm production. Locating and estimating sources of ethylene dichloride. Potential for exposure may vary depending upon sitespecific conditions. Minor uses of vinyl chloride monomer include the manufacture of chlorinated solvents primarily 0 tonnes per year of 1,1,1trichloroethane and the production of ethylene diamine for the manufacture of resins who, 1999.
Vinyl chloride monomer production catalysed by gold. Vcm is a major commodity chemical, mainly used in the production of the polymer. Step 2 producing vinyl chloride monomer vcm the ethylene dichloride is then decomposed by heating in a high temperature furnace or reactor. Commercial production of vcm started in the 1920s based on the catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene but this route suffered from high energy costs and has become obsolete except for china. The process for the production of vinyl chlo ride monomer vcm from ethylene proceeds in several. Vinyl chloride monomer vcm production and manufacturing process. Development coupled with growth in the healthcare, agriculture and electrical sector are expected to propel global vinyl chloride monomer vcm market over the forecast period.
Cleaner production of vinyl chloride monomer vcm jemish dattani, darshan devani, omprakash sahu. The earliest patents for pvc production were taken out in the usa in 1912 and pilot plants producing pvc began in germany and the usa in. Chemical intermediate in the production of pvc, automobile upholstery, housewares, and automotive parts. All pvc pipe, fittings and materials are tested at least twice per year for residual vinyl chloride. Direct conversion of acetylene and 1,2dichloroethane to vinyl chloride monomer over a supported carbon nitride catalyst.
To eliminate hot spots, fluidizedbed, rather than fixedbed, was selected. Chlorinated hydrocarbons chcs are much more resilient to biodegradation, unlike simple hydrocarbons. Pvc suspensions resins are usually relatively dustfree and granular with varying degrees of particle porosity. Pvc consumption is second to low density polyethylene. Vcm is used in the production of polyvinylchloride plastic. Vinyl chloride monomer summary vinyl chloride monomer vcm is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature.
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